Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugaya ikakhulukazi kuncike emishini yokulawula eqinile. Ukulawulwa okuqinile kwemishini kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile sokugcina nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kodaka lokumba, futhi kungenye yezingxenye zobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokumba.
Odakeni lokumba, ubukhulu bezinhlayiya eziqinile ezinomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kodaka kanye nezinga lokungena ngomshini lingaphezu kwama-microns angu-15, okubalelwa cishe ku-70% wengqikithi yezinto eziqinile. Abantu bazama ukuyisusa noma nini ngokusebenzisa imishini esebenza ngempumelelo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokumba, izidingo zokusebenza kodaka ziphakeme futhi ziphakeme. Ukuzijwayeza kuye kwafakazela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kodaka ngokulawula okuqinile kodaka buye bathuthuka baba ubuchwepheshe obusizayo obubalulekile bokumba udaka, obuhlobene eduze nokuzinzisa izimo zemithombo kanye nokwenza ngcono isivinini sokumba. Ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngodaka olusezingeni eliphezulu lokumba, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nesethi yemishini yokuhlanza udaka ephelele futhi esebenzayo, okuyisiqinisekiso sokugcina ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokumba udaka.
Isigaba esiqinile sokumba uketshezi nodaka singahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ngokusho kwemisebenzi yazo: esinye siwusizo isigaba esiqinile, njenge-bentonite, i-ejenti yokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, i-barite powder, njll. Enye ayinamsebenzi oqinile, njengokusika ukusikwa, abampofu. i-bentonite, isihlabathi, njll.
Okubizwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwesigaba esiqinile soketshezi lokumba ukuqeda isigaba esiqinile esiyingozi nokugcina isigaba esiqinile esiwusizo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe bokubhola ekusebenzeni koketshezi lokumba. Ngokuvamile, ukulawula okuqinile koketshezi lokumba kubizwa ngokuthi ukulawula okuqinile.
Ukubaluleka kokulawula okuqinile kuyanakwa. Sekuyisici esibalulekile esithinta ngokuqondile ukubhola okuphephile, okuseqophelweni eliphezulu nokusebenza kahle kanye nokuvikelwa kwamadamu kawoyela negesi. Ukulawula okuqinile kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokufeza ukubhola okuhle. Ukulawula okuhle okuqinile kunganikeza izimo ezidingekayo zokubhola kwesayensi. Ukulawula okuqinile kwesigaba esiqinile kungavikela indawo yokugcina uwoyela negesi, kunciphise itorque yokubhoboza nokungqubuzana, kunciphise ukuguquguquka kwengcindezi ye-annulus suction, kunciphise amathuba okunamathela kokucindezela okuhlukile, kuthuthukise isivinini sokumba, kunwebe impilo ye-drill bit ukuguga kwemishini namapayipi, kuthuthukisa impilo yezingxenye ezisengozini yohlelo lokujikeleza koketshezi olumbayo, kukhuphule ukuzinza komthombo, kuthuthukise izimo ze-casing, kunciphise imvelo. ukungcola, nokunciphisa izindleko zokumba uketshezi. Idatha yezibalo zasensimini ibonisa ukuthi ebangeni eliphansi lokuminyana, izinga lokungena ngomshini lingakhuphuka cishe ngo-8% ekuncishisweni ngakunye kwe-1% kokuqukethwe okuqinile koketshezi lokumba (okulingana no-0.01 ukwehla kokuminyana koketshezi lokumba). Kungabonakala ukuthi izinzuzo zokulawula okuqinile zibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuba khona kokuqinile okungenamsebenzi ngokweqile odakeni kuyingozi enkulu efihliwe yokulimaza ukusebenza koketshezi lokumba, ukunciphisa izinga lokungena nokuholela ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene zemigodi. Ngokwenza isikhathi eside nokucwaninga okuqhubekayo, abantu baye baphetha ngokuthi isigaba esiqinile esingenamsebenzi esidakeni sizoletha imiphumela emibi elandelayo emsebenzini wokumba.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu okuqinile kodaka, amandla adonsela phansi amakhulu athile, kanye nokwenyuka komehluko wembobo engezansi kwandisa umphumela wokubamba umfutho wekholomu yoketshezi edwaleni, ongakwazi ukuhlukana kwedwala ngaphansi kwembobo. Okuqukethwe okuqinile kodaka kuphezulu, amandla okuthwala ama-cuttings okumba ayancipha, futhi inqwaba yezinhlayiya ezinkulu zokusika izinsimbi azikwazi ukukhishwa emgodini ngesikhathi, okuholela ekuqhekekeni okuphindaphindiwe kokusikwa kwamadwala nge-drill bit, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa ukuguga kwamathuluzi okumba, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte isivinini sokumba.
Ngesikhathi sokumba, ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi kanye nezinhlayiya eziqinile zodaka kuzothinta ngokuqondile izinga lekhekhe lodaka elakhiwe odongeni lwembobo. Ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi oketshezi lokumba kuncane, ikhekhe lodaka lincane futhi liqinile, futhi ukuvikela udonga kuhle, okuwumgomo wethu. Izinga eliphezulu eliqinile lizokwandisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi odaka, okuzoholela ekumunceni kwamanzi, ukunwetshwa kwe-hydration kanye nokungaqini kodonga lwembobo yokwakheka kwama-shale, okuholela ekuphakamiseni okubi nokukhubeka, okuholela ezingozini emgodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ikhekhe lodaka likhulu kakhulu futhi likhululekile, lizophinde likhulise indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwethuluzi lokumba kanye nodonga lomthombo, okuzoholela kalula ezingozini zokunamathela.
Uma kukhulu okuqukethwe okuqinile, kukhulu ukuguga kwemishini yesistimu yokujikeleza. Udaka oluningi luzosheshisa ukuguga kwe-cylinder liner kanye ne-piston yepompo yodaka, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise isikhathi sokunakekela futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokumba. Uma okuqukethwe okuqinile kuphezulu kakhulu, kuzophinde kubangele ukukala odongeni lwangaphakathi lwepayipi lokubhoboza, kuthinte ukudoba kwepayipi elingaphakathi, futhi kuphoqeleke ukuphakamisa ipayipi lokubhoboza ukuphatha ukukala, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise inqubo evamile yokusebenza. Ukusebenza kahle kokumba nakho kuzoncishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda okukhulu kwesikhathi sokusebenza esisizayo.
Phakathi nenqubo yokumba, ukusebenza kodaka kuzoshintsha uma izicucu zokumba zingasuswa ngesikhathi ngoba zihlala zingena odakeni. Lapho okuqukethwe kwesihlabathi odakeni kungaphezu kuka-4%, kuthathwa njengodaka lwemfucuza. Idinga ukukhishwa futhi ifakwe esikhundleni se-slurry entsha. Udaka oluningi luyisisombululo se-alkaline, futhi ukukhipha okungahleliwe ngeke nje kubhubhise izimila, kodwa futhi kubangele ukubola kwenhlabathi futhi kuthinte ukuvuselelwa kwezimila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izithasiselo odakeni ezenza udaka lube mnyama, futhi inani elikhulu lokukhipha kuzodala ukungcoliswa okubonakalayo emvelweni.